Hello and welcome to another episode of Outline-Fest. You can refer to the bottom of this post to
see how the outline was created. Feel
free to use this outline - just don’t forget to cite correctly. Good day.
Topic:
Metals, Substances
Specified
Topic: Cupronickel
Basic Outline:
I. Introduction
A.
Introductory Statement(s):
1.
Copper-Nickel alloys serve a very important role in the world economy and in
industrial settings as well.
2.
The special properties of this metal make it a reliable substance for various
commercial appliances and large consumer products.
3.
This is a great substance for both electronic/marine hobbyists or serious
workers to use.
B.
Thesis: Cupronickel is a unique alloy because its properties can apply to many
modern day needs. This
substance was
also involved in some major historical advancements.
C.
Main Ideas:
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Practical Uses / Commercial Application
II. Characteristics
A.
A Copper-Nickel (or Cupronickel) alloy belongs to an eminent group of similar
alloys that are made up of 25% nickel.
B.
If the concentration of nickel is between 2-45 percent, a chain of alloys are
developed that exhibit increased resistance to oxidation even at elevated
temperatures as compared to just pure copper.
1. Also, the nickel part of the copper-nickel alloy
increases its potency and resistance to weathering - as well as retention of
its ductile (or elastic) properties.
C.
The two most common mixture ratios of cupronickel alloys are 90/10 and 70/30.
1.
The 70/30 (copper/nickel ratio) is the one that has more potency and withstands
constant ocean currents
2.
The 90/10 (copper/nickel ratio) is the one that constitutes cheap, reliable
material which is extensively used.
III. History
A.
Cupronickel was first designed for coins in Belgium by the 1860’s and from
thereon, it was extensively used for coinage in other countries.
1.
In Great Britain silver coins were interchanged with cupronickel ones by 1947
as part of the “currency phasing process”.
B.
In the United States a 75/25 (copper/nickel ratio) was used to create what is
known as the “nickel” which was a “3-cent piece” back in 1865 to 1889.
1.
The 5-cent “nickel” was then implemented in 1866 and on
C.
From the years 1965 and on, this substance has been merged to form the dual
outside layers of the modern 10-cent and 25-cent coins. The core layer of these coins is a single
layer of copper.
IV. Practical Uses / Commercial Application
A.
As mentioned earlier, this substance was utilized extensively of coinage in
many countries which still stands until today.
B.
Cupronickel also makes its appearance (as an alloy which has 30% nickel) in
condenser tubes in plants designed for steam-power.
C.
This substance is also known for its strong tendency to resist electricity
1.
Constantan (55/45 -> copper/nickel ratio) plays a major role in resistors,
thermocouples, and rheostats.
V. Conclusion
A.
Thesis Restatement: One substance that has some clout in modern day items and
responsible for some important historical advances is the unique substance,
Cupronickel.
B.
Brief Restatement Evidence and Circumstantial Information:
1.
Different ratios of cupronickel give the alloy different characteristics which
relate to resistance to electricity, coinage, resistance to weathering, etc…
2.
Historically, this substance has been significant in phasing out some out types
of currencies in various countries world-wide.
3.
Its use in both consumer and commercial products has made this substance
quotidian in our society.
Author’s
Note:
Are you still stuck with a few ideas to write your report or essay on? Would you like to find more information on your project?
Check out some of the works cited sources below for more
information. By the way, there are some
bits of information in my research that were not included in the outline
because they did not fit into a particular category or that some detail were
intentionally omitted while crafting this outline. Feel free to use those if they fit in your
essay; just be sure to cite the source.
Best wishes for your report or essay.
Brainstorm:
- Characteristics?
- History?
- Practical Uses?
- Effect on Business and Industry?
- Latest News?
Research:
+ “important group of alloys of copper
and nickel” (Characteristics) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “alloy containing 25 percent nickel is
used by many countries for coins” (Practical Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “Additions of from 2 percent to 45
percent of nickel to copper provide a series of alloys that are stronger and
more resistant to oxidation at high temperatures than is pure copper” (Characteristics)
- Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “alloy containing 30 percent nickel,
the most important, is widely used for condenser tubes in steam-power plants” (Practical
Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “first utilized for coins in 1860 by
Belgium; it became widely used thereafter, replacing silver in British coinage,
for example, in 1947” (History/Practical Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “75:25 ratio was adopted by the United
States for the “nickel” 3-cent piece (1865–89) and the “nickel” 5-cent coin
(from 1866); since 1965 it has formed the two outer layers of the 10-cent and
25-cent pieces, with a layer of copper sandwiched between” (History/Practical
Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “An 88:12 composition was used briefly
for the American cent (1857–64). (History) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “Easily worked hot or cold […] numerous
applications, with 20 percent nickel, for example, in exposed automobile parts”
(Practical Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “high electrical resistivity;
constantan, an alloy of 55 percent copper and 45 percent nickel, is used in resistors,
thermocouples, and rheostats” (Practical Uses) - Encyclopedia Britannica
+ “addition of nickel to copper improves
strength and corrosion resistance but good ductility is retained”
(Characteristics) - Copper Development Association
+ “alloys have excellent resistance to
marine corrosion and biofouling” (Characteristics) - Copper Development
Association
+ “two main alloys are 90/10 and 70/30.
The 70/30 is stronger and has greater resistance to sea water flow; but the
90/10 will provide good service for most applications and being less expensive
tends to be more widely used” (Characteristics/Practical Uses) - Copper
Development Association
+ “Sea water pipework; Offshore fire
water systems; Heat exchangers and condensers; Sheathing of legs and risers on
offshore platforms and boat hulls; Hydraulic lines; Fish cages for aquaculture;
Desalination units” (Practical Uses) - Copper Development Association
+ “property of copper nickel alloys
allows the resistor to operate at almost exactly the same resistance regardless
of temperature” (Characteristics/Practical Uses) - Nickel Alloys.Net
Works
Cited:
"cupronickel." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012.
"Copper-Nickel." - Properties and
Applications. Copper Development Association. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/copper-nickel/
Sagal, Dr. Agnes. "Nickel Alloys . NetEverything
You Wanted To Know About Nickel Alloys." Copper Alloys. Materials
Information Service. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. http://www.nickel-alloys.net/copper_nickel_alloys.html
Images Cited:
90/10 Cupro Nickel Tubes. Photograph. Kanak Pipe
Industries Pvt. Ltd. Indianyellowpages.com. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. http://www.kanakpipes.com/full-images/90-10-cupro-nickel-tubes-753836.jpg
Four-column Stainless Steel/cupro Nickel Processing
Unit. Photograph. Vendome Copper & Brass Works Incorporated. Vendome Copper
& Brass Works, Inc. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. http://www.vendomecopper.com/obpharm.htm
5-Cent Piece. Photograph. The Coin Spot. Web. 22
Apr. 2012. http://www.thecoinspot.com/5c/2003-D%20Type%201%20%205%20Cents%20Obv.png
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